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X-Ray diffraction and spectrographic devices generate in-beam radiation dose rates of 30 to 7000 rads/sec. Severe tissue damage can be inflicted by very brief exposures to these high dose rates. Surgical treatment or amputation may be required when small body parts, such as fingers, receive greater than 1000 rads.

Studies involving the use of radiation, such as those requiring patients to be X-rayed, are not eligible for expedited review, even if all of the other procedures in the study have been deemed to pose no more than minimal risk.

Significant and robust scientific data indicate that the risks of in utero birth defects are zero for dental exposures used for patients. It follows that the risk is also zero for radiographic equipment operators. Therefore, there are no contraindications for pregnant students operating x-ray equipment.

The body may be irradiated in two general ways; externally from radioactive material or radiation sources, or internally from radioactive material deposited in the body. External doses can be the result of exposure to gamma, x-ray, or high-energy beta emitters. Low energy beta and alpha emitters lack the energy needed to penetrate the outer layer of skin and subsequently present less of an external hazard, and are of more concern when ingested.

Personnel monitoring devices (whole body dosimeters, extremity dosimeters, pocket dosimeters, etc.) are provided by the EHS through the Radiation Safety Office to measure an individual's radiation exposure to gamma, energetic beta and x-ray sources. The standard monitoring device is issued as a clip-on badge or ring badge bearing the individual assignee's name, date of the monitoring period and a unique identification number.

There is the inherent risk that incidental findings (IF) may be discovered on research- directed imaging procedures. These IFs may or may not be of clinical significance. The incidence of detected abnormalities when imaging varies depending on a number of factors including age of subjects, health status, the technology used and the expertise of the individual reviewing the image.

The purpose of this Standard is to set forth the minimum requirements for the use of ionizing radiation at the UNC Adams School of Dentistry. This Standard applies to all School of Dentistry personnel and students who may use radiographic equipment.

The template illustrated in the Sample Laser Standard Operating Procedure is to be followed when preparing written laser safety operating procedures (LSOP). A written procedure is to include all lasers in a laser system, including alignment lasers. This LSOP must be reviewed and approved by the LSO.

This chapter provides detailed instructions for completing and updating the various schedules of a Laboratory Safety Plan. The Laboratory Safety Plan is a required document that outlines specific conditions, hazards, and controls in your laboratory spaces.

To obtain authorization to procure and use radiation sources, a prospective Authorized User must complete and submit applicable Schedules of the Laboratory Safety Plan. For help in completing the radioactive materials portion of the Laboratory Safety Plan, please reference “Characteristics of Commonly Used Radionuclides”.

When ordering radioactive materials, purchase requisitions are to be sent directly to EHS, 1120 Estes Drive Extension, CB# 1650, for approval and forwarding to the Purchasing Department. In most instances, requisitions are forwarded within two hours after receipt by EHS. Failure to forward requisitions directly to EHS will result in their return without processing.

Mercury pollution is one of the most significant environmental toxins found in the United States. The Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and a variety of public health organizations have identified mercury elimination as one of their highest priorities in recent years.

This chapter discusses the unique properties of nanomaterials, solid superatomic materials with at least one dimension in the range of one to 100 nanometers. Subsequent sections discuss the potential safety and health concerns from nanomaterials (based on cell culture and animal studies), the routes of exposure, and guidance on how to prevent exposures to nanomaterials.

This Policy establishes the requirements for immunizations, health insurance and annual and periodic medical testing to ensure compliance with State of North Carolina and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill ("UNC-Chapel Hill") School of Medicine (SOM) standards in the clinical environment.

This policy is to ensure UNC employee safety during welding and cutting operations along with the protection of property (including equipment) from Hot Work operations conducted at the University. Hot Work is defined as “work involving burning, welding, or similar operation that is capable of initiating fires or explosions.”